What Impact Did Industrialism Have on the Family in the U.s.?
Engineering science has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. From the belatedly 19th to early 20th centuries, cities grew, factories sprawled and people'south lives became regulated by the clock rather than the sun.
"It was a tremendous transformation of people's lives," says Joshua B. Freeman professor of history at Queens College and author of Behemoth: The Making of the Mill and the Modern Globe.
Rapid advances in the cosmos of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel product, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. It became far easier to get around on trains, automobiles and bicycles. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph. Life got a whole lot faster.
Factory Jobs Were Grueling
It was an era when industrial growth created a class of wealthy entrepreneurs and a comfy eye class supported by workers who were made upward past immigrants and arrivals from America's farms and small towns.
"People are coming from rural backgrounds who are used to self-directing their work, which is organized around the seasons and light," Freeman says. "Now they are working in a factory that is clock-regulated and unchanging."
These Bloodcurdling Images Exposed Child Labor in America
For many, the shift from rural to manufactory life was grueling—peculiarly for children.
When social activist Jane Addams threw a Christmas party at the group abode she had just founded in Chicago's slums in 1889, she passed out candy to the impoverished girls who lived there. She was surprised when they refused. The girls said they worked long hours in a candy factory and couldn't stand up the sight or smell of it.
"We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning time until nine at night," Addams later wrote, "and they were wearied every bit well as satiated. The abrupt consciousness of stern economic conditions was thus thrust upon us in the midst of the flavor of good will."
Manufacturing plant Products Remade Life in America
The commencement factories were built in the 18th century, with British textile mills that spread to the Usa, a time known equally the First Industrial Revolution. And then innovations in production line applied science, materials science and industrial toolmaking made it easier to mass produce all kinds of goods that remade the American family and physical landscape.
Factories produced sewing machines for habitation employ, steel girders for skyscrapers and railroad tracks that cut through the plains and mountains.
Long-distance transportation networks connected by rails, steamship and canals opened new markets for farmers, mill owners and bankers who could bring America'south natural resource to a global market place. For the first time, goods from the American heartland could be shipped long distances, eliminating the need for local bartering systems.
Black Diamond Express train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania, circa 1898.
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Railroad Expansion Alters the U.S. Landscape
Railroads were largely responsible for this great burst of economic production, co-ordinate to Richard White, a Stanford history professor and author of Railroaded (2001). The iron chariots also inverse the human and natural environment of the West, and of course led to conflicts with Native Americans who had lived there for generations.
"If a Western Rip Van Winkle had fallen comatose in 1869 and awakened in 1896, he would non have recognized the lands that the railroads had touched," White writes. "Bison had yielded to cattle; mountains had been blasted and bored. Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat."
Railroad lines expanded from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 254,000 miles in 1916. Nevertheless afterward World War I, the railroad would be replaced past the automobile. With his emphasis on vertical integration of parts and associates line manufacturing, Henry Ford was its king. At its peak, the Ford Motor Company mill in Michigan employed xl,000 workers under one big roof.
READ MORE: The Cars That Fabricated America
While some historians quibble over the exact boundary betwixt the First Industrial Revolution, that began in the mid-18th century, and the 2nd, that started effectually the mid-19th century, a primary difference is that the second saw the beginning of mass production in manufacturing and consumer goods.
Cotton fiber mill workers from Indianapolis, circa 1908.
Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images
Household Goods No Longer Homemade
Household items similar soap, butter and clothing that used to exist made at home started being made in factories every bit well. And factory workers—including women—and so had the money to buy these products.
At the aforementioned time, all kinds of goods became standardized for the first time, according to Priya Satia, professor of international history at Stanford Academy. For example, industrial standardization marked an evolution in the arms industry, says Satia, author of Empire of Guns: The Making of the Industrial Revolution.
"You could produce all the parts of a gun and assemble any ready and make a gun," Satia says. "The reward is if you are out in the field and something goes wrong, someone tin can send you that function and set it without having to redo the unabridged gun."
READ More than: The History of Firearms in the U.S.
The changing world of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to fears past social critics well-nigh the loss of freedom, autonomy and independence that is replaced by boredom, repetition and toil, co-ordinate to Freeman. Early on 20th-century films similar Fritz Lang's sci-fi dystopia "Metropolis" or Charlie Chaplin'due south assembly line comedy "Modernistic Times" capture this fear of the factory worker equally a human robot.
"Ford is a not bad hero," Freeman says, "merely the other side of the money is a nightmarish vision of the manufacturing plant as Satan'southward province."
The Second Industrial Revolution ended just before Earth State of war I, historians say. It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the cyberspace changed how we transmit information, practise business and collaborate with each other.
Some argue we are at present inbound a Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which robotics, artificial intelligence, democratic vehicles and biotechnology are changing our concepts of both life and consciousness. The trajectory of this stage of human development must await for future historians to write.
Source: https://www.history.com/news/second-industrial-revolution-advances
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